List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Global map of countries by total annual freshwater withdrawals (billion cubic meters) in 2020, according to World Bank[1]
Spatial variability of water yield along the delineated near-offshore region of 200 km across the world[2]

This is the list of countries by freshwater withdrawal for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data).[3] The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1.

According to World Bank, ″annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes.″[4]

The level of water stress (freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources) is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.[4]

According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″total freshwater withdrawal is the sum of surface water withdrawal and groundwater withdrawal″.[3]

[Total freshwater withdrawal (surface water + groundwater)] = [Total water withdrawal] - [Desalinated water produced] - [Treated wastewater reused] - [Reused agricultural drainage water]

List of countries by freshwater withdrawal[edit]

The following table provides information on annual freshwater withdrawal based on data published by World Bank[1][5][6][7][8][9] and Food and Agriculture Organization.[3] Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/Group  Annual freshwater withdrawals Per capita withdrawal  Withdrawal
intensity
 Total Domestic  Industry Agriculture
(mil. m3) (%) (%) (%) (%) (m3/inhab/year) (%)
 Afghanistan 20282.0 43.02%
1.00%
0.83%
98.17%
523.34
54.76%
 Angola 705.7 0.48%
45.27%
33.95%
20.78%
21.47
1.87%
 Albania 786.0 2.92%
28.63%
2.04%
69.34%
273.13
4.72%
 United Arab Emirates 2381.0 1587.33%
52.76%
0.74%
46.50%
124.03
1 587.33%
 Argentina 37690.0 12.91%
15.48%
10.59%
73.93%
835.92
10.46%
 Armenia 2830.0 41.26%
23.08%
6.57%
70.34%
954.70
57.09%
 Antigua and Barbuda 4.4 8.46%
62.61%
21.74%
15.65%
117.43
8.46%
 Australia 8640.0 1.76%
16.64%
21.04%
62.32%
539.02
3.47%
 Austria 3490.0 6.35%
20.62%
77.17%
2.21%
387.74
9.64%
 Azerbaijan 12590.0 155.14%
3.16%
4.51%
92.33%
1240.63
55.60%
 Burundi 280.1 2.78%
15.39%
5.36%
79.26%
23.56
10.19%
 Belgium 4199.0 34.99%
17.33%
81.39%
1.27%
367.86
51.58%
 Benin 130.0 1.26%
61.97%
12.82%
25.21%
19.30
0.98%
 Burkina Faso 818.0 6.54%
45.92%
2.65%
51.43%
39.13
7.82%
 Bangladesh 35870.0 34.16%
10.04%
2.15%
87.82%
217.80
5.72%
 Bulgaria 5076.0 24.17%
16.51%
68.54%
14.95%
730.67
37.52%
 Bahrain 155.1 3877.50%
63.44%
3.25%
33.31%
255.29
133.71%
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 301.3 0.85%
2.00%
 Belarus 1328.0 3.91%
41.31%
31.00%
27.61%
140.64
4.38%
 Belize 101.0 0.66%
11.29%
20.99%
67.72%
254.01
1.26%
 Bolivia 2088.0 0.69%
6.51%
1.53%
91.95%
178.87
1.18%
 Brazil 67190.0 1.19%
24.00%
14.15%
61.64%
316.15
1.48%
 Barbados 70.0 87.50%
24.69%
7.65%
67.65%
281.86
87.50%
 Brunei 92.0 1.08%
164.67%
5.76%
210.30
3.47%
 Bhutan 337.9 0.43%
5.03%
0.89%
94.08%
438.05
1.41%
 Botswana 220.4 9.18%
49.54%
13.50%
36.96%
93.73
2.31%
 Central African Republic 72.5 0.05%
82.90%
16.55%
0.55%
15.01
0.34%
 Canada 36253.0 1.27%
13.43%
75.92%
10.65%
41
3.73%
 Switzerland 1704.0 4.22%
54.59%
36.36%
9.06%
204.26
6.50%
 Chile 35368.0 4.00%
3.99%
5.13%
90.89%
1693.33
8.98%
 China 568480.0 20.21%
20.13%
17.73%
62.14%
395.09
41.52%
 Ivory Coast 1162.0 1.51%
27.54%
20.83%
51.64%
299.37
5.09%
 Cameroon 1088.4 0.40%
22.68%
9.61%
67.71%
130.63
1.56%
 DR Congo 683.6 0.08%
68.01%
21.47%
10.52%
7.63
0.23%
 Congo 46.0 0.02%
69.47%
26.17%
4.36%
16.62
0.03%
 Colombia 29115.7 1.36%
12.79%
1.23%
85.99%
572.21
4.36%
 Comoros 10.0 0.83%
48.00%
5.00%
47.00%
11.50
0.83%
 Cape Verde 25.3 8.43%
5.93%
1.48%
92.59%
959.96
8.43%
 Costa Rica 3136.1 2.78%
26.41%
7.42%
66.17%
615.63
5.35%
 Cuba 6958.0 18.25%
24.43%
10.63%
64.94%
227.77
23.94%
 Cyprus 275.0 35.26%
37.45%
6.18%
62.55%
127.56
37.59%
 Czech Republic 1366.0 10.39%
46.05%
51.10%
2.86%
44.05
20.77%
 Germany 24443.0 22.84%
36.51%
62.08%
1.40%
339.95
33.50%
 Djibouti 19.0 6.33%
84.21%
0.00%
15.79%
19.23
6.33%
 Dominica 20.0 10.00%
95.00%
0.00%
5.00%
277.83
10.00%
 Denmark 976.4 16.27%
40.98%
5.02%
54.01%
168.58
26.40%
 Dominican Republic 7137.0 30.37%
9.42%
7.27%
83.31%
836.83
39.55%
 Algeria 9802.0 87.15%
34.41%
1.83%
63.76%
238.58
137.92%
 Ecuador 9915.8 2.24%
13.04%
5.54%
81.43%
562.15
6.78%
 Egypt 77500.0 7750.00%
13.87%
6.97%
79.16%
757.32
141.17%
 Eritrea 582.0 20.79%
5.33%
0.17%
94.50%
164.11
11.18%
 Spain 29020.0 26.10%
15.71%
18.95%
65.33%
620.69
43.25%
 Estonia 853.0 6.71%
7.38%
92.05%
0.57%
642.99
9.23%
 Ethiopia 10548.1 8.65%
7.68%
0.48%
91.84%
91.75
32.26%
 Finland 3000.0 2.80%
14.29%
57.14%
28.57%
631.69
7.11%
 Fiji 84.9 0.30%
29.80%
11.31%
58.89%
94.71
0.30%
 France 26272.1 13.14%
20.21%
67.68%
12.12%
402.49
23.00%
 Gabon 139.1 0.08%
60.89%
10.14%
28.97%
62.50
0.50%
 United Kingdom 8419.0 5.81%
73.95%
12.00%
14.05%
86.78
14.35%
 Georgia 1653.7 2.84%
36.66%
20.54%
42.80%
414.55
5.39%
 Ghana 1448.6 4.78%
20.46%
6.49%
73.06%
47.13
6.31%
 Guinea 890.0 0.39%
25.84%
6.74%
67.42%
67.77
1.37%
 Gambia 101.6 3.39%
40.55%
20.87%
38.58%
42.04
2.21%
 Guinea-Bissau 175.0 1.09%
17.95%
6.26%
75.79%
96.54
1.50%
 Equatorial Guinea 19.8 0.08%
79.80%
15.15%
5.05%
14.11
0.18%
 Greece 10122.0 17.45%
16.67%
3.24%
80.09%
971.12
20.48%
 Grenada 14.1 7.05%
85.11%
0.00%
14.89%
125.31
7.05%
 Guatemala 3324.1 3.04%
25.12%
18.14%
56.74%
185.54
5.74%
 Guyana 1444.7 0.60%
4.24%
1.41%
94.34%
1836.75
3.30%
 Honduras 1607.0 1.77%
19.60%
7.09%
73.30%
162.25
4.62%
 Croatia 665.0 1.76%
37.10%
56.71%
6.18%
614.39
1.48%
 Haiti 1450.0 11.15%
13.10%
3.52%
83.38%
127.16
13.38%
 Hungary 4672.6 77.88%
14.11%
74.13%
11.76%
482.14
8.07%
 Indonesia 222635.0 11.03%
10.69%
4.10%
85.21%
813.95
29.70%
 India 647500.0 44.78%
7.36%
2.23%
90.41%
551.45
66.49%
 Ireland 1540.8 3.14%
63.96%
33.58%
2.46%
312.04
21.64%
 Iran 92950.0 72.33%
6.65%
1.18%
92.18%
1110.81
81.29%
 Iraq 56614.0 160.84%
12.19%
9.70%
78.12%
1407.67
79.51%
 Iceland 290.0 0.17%
28.75%
71.15%
0.11%
815.55
0.39%
 Israel 1276.0 170.13%
43.48%
4.56%
51.96%
265.70
110.09%
 Italy 33645.0 18.44%
27.12%
22.72%
50.16%
560.52
29.65%
 Jamaica 1350.0 12.47%
10.34%
81.24%
8.42%
457.25
12.47%
 Jordan 941.8 138.10%
45.02%
3.34%
51.65%
108.29
104.31%
 Japan 78400.0 18.23%
18.88%
13.14%
67.98%
619.88
36.05%
 Kazakhstan 24585.0 38.21%
18.82%
18.49%
62.69%
1308.22
34.10%
 Kenya 4032.0 19.48%
12.28%
7.51%
80.21%
74.98
33.24%
 Kyrgyzstan 7707.0 15.75%
2.92%
4.39%
92.69%
1174.09
50.04%
 Cambodia 2184.0 1.81%
4.49%
1.51%
94.00%
48.56
1.04%
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 12.2 50.83%
98.72%
0.00%
1.28%
293.24
50.83%
 South Korea 29197.0 45.02%
24.64%
16.43%
58.93%
528.23
85.22%
 Kuwait 770.1
35.86%
1.86%
62.27%
292.70
3 850.50%
 Laos 7350.0 3.86%
1.77%
2.31%
95.92%
1010.23
4.79%
 Lebanon 1812.0 37.75%
13.04%
48.91%
38.04%
269.58
58.79%
 Liberia 145.9 0.07%
54.97%
36.60%
8.43%
28.85
0.26%
 Libya 5720.0 817.14%
12.01%
4.80%
83.19%
848.46
817.14%
 Saint Lucia 42.9 14.30%
29.14%
0.00%
70.86%
233.63
14.30%
 Sri Lanka 12946.0 24.52%
6.22%
6.42%
87.36%
604.58
90.79%
 Lesotho 43.8 0.84%
45.66%
45.66%
8.68%
20.45
2.57%
 Lithuania 254.4 1.65%
53.81%
23.73%
22.46%
93.45
1.83%
 Luxembourg 47.8 4.78%
100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
75.88
3.96%
 Latvia 181.2 1.07%
48.93%
20.53%
30.53%
96.07
1.07%
 Morocco 10573.0 36.46%
10.19%
2.03%
87.78%
282.60
50.75%
 Monaco 5.0
100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
127.41
 Moldova 846.0 52.22%
20.00%
72.88%
6.88%
198.32
12.56%
 Madagascar 13457.5 3.99%
2.91%
1.19%
95.89%
489.58
11.26%
 Maldives 4.7 15.67%
94.92%
5.08%
0.00%
10.91
15.67%
 Mexico 89548.0 21.89%
14.70%
9.55%
75.74%
694.53
44.82%
 North Macedonia 1599.2 29.61%
65.10%
5.27%
29.63%
225.17
38.70%
 Mali 5186.0 8.64%
2.06%
0.08%
97.86%
256.09
8.00%
 Malta 41.3 81.86%
60.34%
1.58%
38.08%
143.31
81.86%
 Myanmar 33231.0 3.31%
9.95%
1.49%
88.56%
613.70
5.80%
 Montenegro 160.9
59.91%
39.03%
1.06%
256.18
 Mongolia 462.4 1.33%
9.80%
35.94%
54.26%
141.05
3.40%
 Mozambique 1473.0 1.47%
25.25%
1.70%
73.05%
47.13
1.75%
 Mauritania 1348.2 337.05%
7.07%
2.36%
90.58%
290.39
13.25%
 Mauritius 607.0 22.06%
48.36%
1.48%
50.16%
478.07
22.06%
 Malawi 1356.8 8.41%
10.55%
3.52%
85.94%
70.93
17.50%
 Malaysia 6707.0 1.16%
24.45%
29.90%
45.65%
169.56
3.44%
 Namibia 281.9 4.58%
25.35%
4.86%
69.79%
113.35
0.86%
 Niger 2583.3 73.81%
7.48%
1.50%
91.02%
106.72
11.02%
 Nigeria 12472.0 5.64%
40.08%
15.75%
44.17%
60.52
9.67%
 Nicaragua 1273.0 0.81%
14.91%
0.05%
85.04%
192.41
2.22%
 Netherlands 8306.0 75.51%
24.74%
71.56%
3.70%
484.74
16.80%
 Norway 2691.1 0.70%
28.81%
39.80%
31.39%
496.42
2.05%
 Nepal 9497.1 4.79%
1.55%
0.31%
98.14%
325.95
8.31%
 New Zealand 9875.0 3.02%
10.20%
24.21%
65.59%
1013.98
8.05%
 Oman 1634.0 116.71%
6.79%
12.43%
80.78%
375
116.71%
 Pakistan 189590.0 344.71%
5.26%
0.76%
93.98%
830.50
116.31%
 Panama 1211.4 0.89%
62.66%
0.51%
36.83%
280.76
0.90%
 Peru 38550.0 2.35%
5.81%
9.11%
85.08%
1169.18
7.18%
 Philippines 85867.1 17.93%
9.50%
11.51%
79.00%
783.59
26.25%
 Papua New Guinea 392.1 0.05%
57.00%
42.74%
0.26%
43.82
0.13%
 Poland 8667.0 16.17%
21.22%
63.70%
15.08%
243.41
30.00%
 Puerto Rico 875.0 12.32%
24.31%
72.22%
3.47%
1144.59
19.54%
 North Korea 8657.8 12.92%
10.43%
13.23%
76.35%
335.85
27.74%
 Portugal 6129.5 16.13%
14.41%
29.83%
55.76%
601.46
12.32%
 Paraguay 2413.0 2.06%
15.00%
6.38%
78.62%
338.31
1.84%
 Palestine 352.4 43.40%
44.09%
7.78%
48.13%
87.90
50.26%
 Qatar 250.0 446.43%
59.49%
4.41%
36.44%
306.67
431.03%
 Romania 6416.0 15.14%
16.91%
60.85%
22.24%
333.51
6.01%
 Russia 64820.0 1.50%
26.46%
44.79%
28.76%
444.17
4.12%
 Rwanda 610.0 6.42%
38.33%
1.67%
60.00%
46.32
20.20%
 Saudi Arabia 23380.0 974.17%
13.05%
5.39%
81.56%
746.60
974.17%
 Sudan 26935.0 673.38%
3.53%
0.28%
96.19%
614.26
118.66%
 Senegal 3061.6 11.87%
8.64%
0.05%
91.31%
180.43
16.28%
 Singapore 498.7 83.12%
45.00%
51.00%
4.00%
112.81
83.12%
 Sierra Leone 212.2 0.13%
52.31%
26.15%
21.54%
26.60
0.50%
 El Salvador 389.1 2.49%
22.38%
10.06%
67.56%
326.54
2.43%
 Somalia 3298.0 54.97%
0.45%
0.06%
99.48%
207.51
24.53%
 Serbia 5324.5 63.33%
12.72%
74.87%
12.41%
609.39
6.00%
 South Sudan 658.0 2.53%
29.33%
34.19%
36.47%
58.78
4.23%
 São Tomé and Príncipe 40.9 1.88%
35.94%
1.47%
62.59%
186.62
1.88%
 Suriname 615.9 0.62%
8.00%
22.00%
70.00%
1049.89
3.95%
 Slovakia 555.0 4.40%
52.81%
41.87%
5.32%
101.66
2.39%
 Slovenia 1003.0 5.37%
16.93%
82.77%
0.30%
482.94
6.78%
 Sweden 2483.0 1.45%
28.14%
51.01%
4.11%
245.96
3.58%
 Eswatini 1068.0 40.45%
3.87%
1.94%
94.19%
920.56
77.56%
 Seychelles 11.3
65.69%
27.74%
6.57%
139.30
 Syria 13964.4 195.80%
8.80%
3.67%
87.53%
957.70
124.36%
 Chad 879.6 5.86%
11.79%
11.79%
76.42%
53.55
4.29%
 Togo 223.0 1.94%
63.09%
2.83%
34.08%
273.81
3.39%
 Thailand 57307.0 25.53%
4.78%
4.85%
90.37%
888.93
23.01%
 Tajikistan 10602.0 16.71%
9.21%
16.26%
74.53%
1037.99
69.94%
 Turkmenistan 26245.0 1867.97%
1.73%
3.07%
61.42%
13.93
135.21%
 East Timor 1172.0 14.27%
8.45%
0.17%
91.38%
26.94
28.27%
 Trinidad and Tobago 336.2 8.76%
62.00%
33.64%
4.36%
303.54
20.33%
 Tunisia 3864.0 92.11%
22.73%
1.73%
75.54%
4351.49
98.11%
 Turkey 61533.6 27.11%
11.10%
1.66%
87.24%
737.58
45.71%
 Tanzania 5184.0 6.17%
10.17%
0.48%
89.35%
821
12.96%
 Uganda 637.0 1.63%
51.49%
7.85%
40.66%
225.68
5.83%
 Ukraine 9459.0 17.17%
28.06%
40.93%
30.99%
503.65
12.26%
 Uruguay 3660.0 3.97%
11.20%
2.19%
86.61%
1053.62
9.79%
 United States 444396.1 15.77%
13.14%
47.20%
39.66%
1342.26
28.16%
 Uzbekistan 58904.0 360.49%
4.09%
3.62%
92.29%
1759.83
168.92%
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7.9 7.90%
99.98%
0.02%
0.00%
76.64
7.90%
 Venezuela 22621.1 2.81%
22.64%
3.51%
73.85%
795.69
7.54%
 Vietnam 81862.0 22.78%
1.47%
3.75%
94.78%
842.73
18.13%
 Yemen 3565.0 169.76%
7.43%
1.82%
90.74%
119.53
169.76%
 South Africa 20310.0 45.33%
16.21%
21.31%
62.48%
323.54
65.03%
 Zambia 1572.0 1.96%
18.45%
8.27%
73.28%
85.51
2.84%
 Zimbabwe 3771.4 30.76%
17.21%
2.16%
80.64%
253.74
35.41%
United Nations WORLD 3895525.3 9.11%
13.08%
15.37%
71.31%
Caribbean small states 4019.3 1.08%
13.77%
34.66%
51.56%
Pacific island small states
29.80%
11.31%
58.89%
Least developed countries: UN classification 198860.4 4.38%
7.61%
1.74%
90.65%
Low & middle income (WB) 3002424.4 9.46%
11.92%
8.46%
79.31%
Low-income 110611.0 4.15%
7.19%
2.51%
90.30%
Middle-income (WB) 2882577.0 9.90%
12.13%
8.70%
78.85%
Lower middle income (WB) 1656886.0 18.35%
8.30%
3.62%
88.08%
Upper middle income (WB) 1225691.0 6.10%
17.31%
15.58%
66.38%
High-income 870479.7 8.53%
16.83%
39.49%
43.64%
European Union 183700.1 13.51%
23.26%
45.33%
31.20%
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1011069.3 7.93%
16.09%
34.32%
49.55%

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  2. ^ Rahman, Afeefa; Kumar, Praveen; Dominguez, Francina (2022). "Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale". Scietific Reports. 12 (20262): 20262. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1220262R. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2. PMC 9726751. PMID 36473864.
  3. ^ a b c Food and Agriculture Organization. "AQUASTAT Dissemination System". data.apps.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  4. ^ a b World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)". worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  6. ^ World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  7. ^ World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, industry (% of total freshwater withdrawal)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  8. ^ World Bank. "Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  9. ^ World Bank. "Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.