D

filter!`a % 2 == 0`(iota(1, 5))

(note: no eager computation, no dynamic allocation)

System.out.println(new java.util.ArrayList<Integer>() {{
    for (int i : new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }) if (i%2 == 0) add(i);
}});

OCaml (toplevel):

List.filter (fun x -> x mod 2 == 0) [1;2;3;4];;

Groovy

(1..4).findAll { it % 2 == 0 }

@qpliu - that's pretty slick!

Tershe

1..4{2%!}£

Esoteric languages count too right? :)

@kennethreitz they're are meant to be run in a REPL, but @qpliu 's example seems to be able to run in beanshell's quasi-REPL, so you can remove the println if you want to :)

@qpliu you sir, are a genius, the most concise response I've seen so far and it's not obfuscated nor hard to understand, kudos!

Thanks @afeinberg , I had the suspicion that it the quoting of even? wasn't standard, it didn't seem right. It works on GNU CLisp, though.

Perl

grep { not $_%2 } 1..4

grep { !($_%2) } 1..4

grep { ($_+1)%2 } 1..4

grep !($_%2), 1..4

R

Filter(function(x) !(x%%2), c(1, 2, 3, 4))

I'm pretty new to R, so it took me a minute to figure out it was %% (yuck!) not %, and perhaps it can be shorter ...

C++

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

template <typename Integral>
class counter {
public:
    typedef Integral result_type;
    counter(Integral start) : n(start) {}
    result_type operator()() { return n++; }
private:
    result_type n;
};

int main()
{
    vector<int> v;
    generate_n(back_inserter(v), 4, counter<int>(1));
    remove_copy_if(v.begin(), v.end(),
                   ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "),
                   bind2nd(modulus<int>(), 2));
    return 0;
}

cool, finally some love for C++!

Can always count on C++ to make Java look good? :)

C#:
var list = new List() { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.FindAll(x => x % 2 == 0);

It would be nice to see it in C, using pointers to functions to define a custom filter (with void pointers too). Most of the above languages would be naught without C, anyways, hehe. I'm more than rusty in my C, which is sad :/

C#, via Enumerable.Range

var filtered = Enumerable.Range( 1, 4 ).Where( x => x % 2 == 0 );

Smalltalk
(1 to: 4) select: [:x| x even]

Javascript 1.7

[x for each (x in [1,2,3,4]) if (x%2 == 0)]

Javascript 1.8

[1,2,3,4].filter(function(x) x%2 == 0)

GROOVY

[1,2,3,4].findAll { it % 2 == 0 }

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct list {
      int i;
      struct list *next;
};

struct list *filter(int *a, int count, int test(int))
{
      int i;
      struct list *head, *list, *list2;
      if (count == 0)
              return NULL;
      head = malloc(sizeof(struct list));
      list = head;
      list2 = NULL;
      for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
              if (test(a[i])) {
                      list->i = a[i];
                      list->next = malloc(sizeof(struct list));
                      list2 = list;
                      list = list->next;
              }
      }
      free(list);
      if (list2) {
              list2->next = NULL;
              return head;
      }
      return NULL;
}

void print(struct list *list)
{
      struct list *next;
      while (list) {
              printf(" %d", list->i);
              next = list->next;
              free(list);
              list = next;
      }
}

int even(int i)
{
      return i%2 == 0;
}

int main()
{
      int a[4] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
      print(filter(a, 4, even));
}

And another imperative Haskell
import Data.IORef
main = do { a <- newIORef [1..4]; b <- newIORef []; l <- fmap length (readIORef a); r <- fmap (snd . head . dropWhile (not . null . fst)) (sequence $ replicate l (do { (i:as) <- readIORef a; if even i then modifyIORef b (++[i]) else return (); writeIORef a as; bs <- readIORef b; return (as,bs) })); print r }

holy crap, in C with a linked list implementation baked in; now that's a really cool solution!

C#, using extension methods

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

static class Filter {
  static void Main() {
    //just getting the filtered list would look like:
    //var filtered = 1.To( 4 ).Where( Even );

    1.To( 4 ).If( Even, Console.WriteLine );
  }

  static IEnumerable<int> To( this int i, int to ) {
    return Enumerable.Range( i, to - i + 1 );
  }

  static void If<T>( this IEnumerable<T> enumerable, Func<T,bool> predicate, Action<T> action ) {
    enumerable.Where( predicate ).ToList().ForEach( action );
  }

  static bool Even( this int i ) {
    return i % 2 == 0;
  }
}

javascript 1.8

[1,2,3,4].filter(function (x) !(x%2))

Groovy

(1..4).findAll { !(it%2) }

(1..4).grep { !(it%2) }

C++

An improved C++ version:

#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>


using namespace std;

int main (void)
{
    list<int> numbers = {1,2,3,4};
    remove_copy_if(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "), [](int x) {return x % 2;});
}

Scala

  (1 to 4).filter(_ % 2 == 0)

Tcl

Tcl lacks a built-in filter function, but it is easy to write:

proc filter {list script} {
   set res ""
   foreach e $list {if $script {lappend res $e}}
   return $res
}

Then you have:
filter {1 2 3 4 5} {($e & 1)==0}

More succinct C++ version

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>

using namespace std;

int main (void)
{
    int nums[] = {1,2,3,4};
    remove_copy_if(nums, nums + 4, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " "), [](int x) {return x % 2;});
    return 0;
}

Oh, well:

Java:

Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4).stream().filter((i)-> i%2==0).collect(toList());

I have a problem in a loop while compiling this code giving error in this portion