Articles & tutorials
You can also find resources using the page Internationalization techniques: Authoring Web Pages, which provides more fine-grained access to information.
Getting started
Characters
- Handling character encodings in HTML and CSS (tutorial)
- Character encodings for beginners
- Character encodings: Essential concepts
- Choosing & applying a character encoding
- Who uses Unicode?
- Declaring character encodings in HTML
- Declaring character encodings in CSS
- The byte-order mark (BOM) in HTML
- Normalization in HTML and CSS
- Characters or markup?
- Changing an HTML page to Unicode
- Using character escapes in markup and CSS
- Document character set
- Setting the HTTP charset parameter
- Setting charset information in .htaccess
- Checking HTTP Headers
- HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes
- Missing characters and glyphs
- Typographic character units in complex scripts
- Migrating to Unicode
Language
- Working with language in HTML (tutorial)
- Declaring language in HTML
- HTTP headers, meta elements and language information
- Types of language declaration
- Language tags in HTML and XML
- Choosing a language tag
- Two-letter or three-letter ISO language codes
- Why use the language attribute?
- Setting language preferences in a browser
- xml:lang in XML document schemas
- Tagging text with no language
- Indicating the language of a link destination
- Accept-Language used for locale setting
- Styling using language attributes
Markup & text
Text direction
- Creating HTML Pages in Arabic, Hebrew and Other Right-to-left Scripts (tutorial)
- Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm basics
- Structural markup and right-to-left text in HTML
- Inline markup and bidirectional text in HTML
- Inline bidi markup examples
- How to use Unicode controls for bidi text
- Unicode controls vs. markup for bidi support
- CSS vs. markup for bidi support
- RTL rendering of LTR scripts
- Working with source code markup and code examples for RTL scripts
- Strings and bidi
- Use cases for bidi and language metadata on the Web
- Bidi space loss
- Visual vs. logical ordering of text
- Styling vertical Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian text
- How to make list markers stand upright in vertical text
- How can I use direction metadata in native APIs?
- Languages using right-to-left scripts
- How can I use direction metadata in native APIs?
Styling & layout
- Text size in translation
- Background images that support localization
- Styling using language attributes
- Approaches to full justification
- Approaches to line breaking
- Ruby Styling
- Styling vertical Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian text
- How to make list markers stand upright in vertical text
- Font styles & font fallback
- CSS3 and International Text