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Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? (The Series on School Reform) Taschenbuch – 21. Oktober 2011
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- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe167 Seiten
- SpracheEnglisch
- HerausgeberTeachers' College Press
- Erscheinungstermin21. Oktober 2011
- Abmessungen15.88 x 1.91 x 22.86 cm
- ISBN-100807752576
- ISBN-13978-0807752579
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- Herausgeber : Teachers' College Press (21. Oktober 2011)
- Sprache : Englisch
- Taschenbuch : 167 Seiten
- ISBN-10 : 0807752576
- ISBN-13 : 978-0807752579
- Abmessungen : 15.88 x 1.91 x 22.86 cm
- Amazon Bestseller-Rang: Nr. 3,895,486 in Bücher (Siehe Top 100 in Bücher)
- Nr. 3,059 in Geschichte der Pädagogik
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La Finlande est régulièrement classée parmi les pays les plus performants dans le test international connu sous le nom de PISA (Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves) qui mesure les connaissances et les compétences des jeunes de 15 ans dans les domaines de la lecture, des mathématiques et des sciences. (En 2009, 65 pays développés ont participé au PISA.) Selon Sahlberg, la Finlande a obtenu cette distinction depuis 2000 presque par accident et sans intention. Le moteur de la refonte du système éducatif finlandais dans les années 1980 et 1990 n'était pas d'obtenir des résultats élevés aux tests internationaux, mais de fournir une éducation équitable à tous les étudiants.
Il est étonnant d'apprendre que les enseignants finlandais consacrent moins d'heures par jour à enseigner dans les classes que leurs homologues américains. Cela semble contre-intuitif aux Américains et soulève la question de savoir comment un pays peut obtenir des résultats aussi remarquables avec moins d'enseignement. Sahlberg partage avec nous la philosophie nationale qui imprègne presque tous les aspects de la société finlandaise, y compris l'éducation: "Less is More". La Finlande a judicieusement choisi de ne pas imposer un régime de test standardisé à ses écoles (contre l'avis de certains de ses responsables gouvernementaux et chefs d'entreprise plus conservateurs au moment de la formulation de ses politiques). Sans la nécessité de consacrer un temps et des ressources précieux à la préparation aux tests, les enseignants finlandais ont plutôt la liberté de passer des heures d'école sur quelque chose de plus utile: l'apprentissage effectif. Sahlberg décrit comment les enseignants finlandais se retrouvent rarement devant les salles de classe pour donner des conférences aux étudiants. Au lieu de cela, on les trouve dans les salles de classe, dans la cuisine de l'école pour les cours de cuisine ou à l'extérieur dans les bois pour une leçon qui intègre la nature. En d'autres termes, l'apprentissage pratique par projet est courant en Finlande. Cette approche de la pédagogie engage les enfants, tout en les incitant à penser de manière créative, à s'absorber dans une analyse réfléchie, à résoudre des problèmes et à collaborer avec les autres. (Préparation pour le monde réel du travail de quelqu'un ??) L'éducation scolaire primaire ne commence pas avant l'âge de sept ans. La journée d'école est beaucoup plus courte pour les enfants. La récréation quotidienne est obligatoire. Il y a moins de devoirs. Les Finlandais sont convaincus de ne pas étouffer les joies de l'enfance et de laisser suffisamment de temps aux enfants pour qu'ils puissent jouer en dehors de l'école, là où ils croient que le plus d'apprentissage est fait.
En raison de ce climat d'apprentissage inspiré par la Finlande, non seulement les résultats scolaires sont meilleurs, mais objectivement mesurés par le PISA, les élèves ressentent moins de stress et d'anxiété à l'école. Faire participer les élèves de cette manière a entraîné un très faible taux d'abandon au secondaire (moins de 1%). Cette approche de l'éducation se traduit également par une société plus heureuse. Selon une série de "enquêtes de bonheur" internationales que Sahlberg cite, la Finlande est également classée au sommet ou à proximité. Et, si vous pensez que le Finnish Way ne pourrait pas aller mieux, Sahlberg prétend que la Finlande dépense moins d'argent par élève que les États-Unis, tout en réussissant à payer à ses enseignants des salaires légèrement plus élevés.
Salhberg raconte comment la Finlande a décidé de suivre sa propre voie dans la réforme de l'éducation en ne suivant ni le «modèle asiatique» (où les résultats des tests et les taux de diplomation peuvent être élevés, mais les étudiants sont surchargés et stressés). ou le modèle axé sur le marché des États-Unis, de la Grande-Bretagne et d'une foule d'autres pays occidentaux. Vous apprendrez l'ironie du fait que tout en rejetant ces alternatives (dans ce que Sahlberg décrit gentiment comme les pays «GERM» - Global Education Reform Reform), au niveau micro, la Finlande a adopté plusieurs des meilleures pratiques pédagogiques qui sont la recherche ... basé à partir de ces mêmes pays (par exemple, États-Unis, Grande-Bretagne, Australie, Allemagne, etc.). Enfin, il convient de noter que les progrès de la Finlande ont été réalisés avec un syndicat qui comprend plus de 95% de ses enseignants.
Quel est le secret du succès de la Finlande? Cela commence par la profession d'enseignant. En moyenne, la Finlande n'accepte que 10% des candidats dans ses universités d'enseignement. Les candidats doivent non seulement avoir de solides dossiers académiques, ils doivent aussi

Finland is consistently ranked as one of the top performing countries in the international test known as PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) that measures the knowledge and skills of 15-year olds in the subject areas of reading, math, and science. (In 2009, 65 developed countries participated in PISA.) According to Sahlberg, Finland has achieved this distinction since 2000 almost by accident and without intent. The driving force behind the redesign of the Finnish educational system in the 1980's and '90's was not to achieve high international test scores, but to provide an equitable education for all students.
It is astonishing to learn that Finnish teachers spend less hours per day teaching in classrooms than their U.S. counterparts. It seems counterintuitive to Americans and begs the question of how a country can achieve such outstanding results with less teaching? Sahlberg shares with us the national philosophy that permeates almost every aspect of Finnish society, including education: "Less is More." Finland has wisely chosen not to impose a standardized testing regime upon its schools (against the advice of some of its more conservative government officials and business leaders at the time its policies were being formulated). Without the need to devote precious time and resources to test preparation, Finnish teachers instead have freedom to spend school hours on something more useful: actual learning. Sahlberg describes how Finnish teachers are rarely found standing in front of classrooms lecturing students. Instead, they are found milling about - whether inside their classrooms, in the school kitchen for cooking class, or outside in the woods for a lesson that incorporates nature. In other words, hands-on, project-based learning is common in Finland. This approach to pedagogy engages children, while inspiring them to think creatively, become absorbed in thoughtful analysis, problem-solve, and work with others in a collaborative manner. (Preparation for the real world of work anyone??) Elementary school education does not begin until the age of seven. The school day is much shorter for children. Daily recess is mandatory. There is less homework. The Finns are strong believers in not stifling the joys of childhood and allow plenty of time for children to play outside of school where they believe most learning is done.
As a result of this Finnish climate of inspired learning, not only are there better academic results as objectively measured by PISA, students feel less stress and anxiety about school. Engaging students in this manner has resulted in a very low high school drop-out rate (less than 1%). This approach to education also results in a happier society. According to an array of international "happiness surveys" that Sahlberg cites, Finland is also ranked at or near the top. And, if you think that the Finnish Way couldn't get any better, Sahlberg claims that Finland spends less money per pupil than the U.S., while managing to pay its teachers slightly higher salaries.
Salhberg recounts how Finland decided to go its own way in educational reform by not following either the "Asian Model" (wherein test scores & college-graduation rates may be high, but students are reportedly overworked and as stressed-out as their U.S. counterparts) or the market-driven model of the U.S., Britain, and a host of other Western countries. You'll learn about the irony of while having rejected these alternatives (in what Sahlberg playfully describes as the "GERM" countries - Global Education Reform Movement), at the micro level, Finland has adopted many of the best pedagogical practices that are research-based from these same countries (e.g., U.S., Britain, Australia, Germany, etc.). Finally, it is noteworthy that Finland's progress has been achieved with a union that includes over 95% of its teachers.
What is the secret to Finland's success? It starts with the teaching profession. On average, Finland accepts only 10% of applicants into its teaching universities. Applicants must not only have strong academic records, they must also possess interpersonal skills that will enable them to teach well. Next, Finland's teaching students must complete a 5-7 year course of study, earning both undergraudate and master's degrees. Sahlberg explains how course requirements include those in an underlying substantive area (e.g., science, math, etc.), along with pedagogy, research, and student teaching. Once the newly minted teachers are placed into schools, they will be paid well (with no student loan debt since their university education is free), while also having autonomy to adapt a loose national curriculum into one that meets local needs. They are free to choose their own teaching methods as they see fit. In other words, Finland trusts that its teachers will teach well without outside interference or oversight. (Much as doctors are free to operate on patients without hospital administrators or policitians telling them how best to do their jobs.) Finnish teachers are given ample time each day to collaborate with their colleagues. Sahlberg points out that schools have specially designed spaces to make collaboration easier. Finally, Finnish teachers also attend continuing education classes throughout their careers in order to constantly learn and improve their teaching methods.
In the 1970's, Finland's educational system was considered to be mediocre. When it set its mind to change course, it was wise enough not to behave as a petulant child (behavior exhibited by many reformers and politicians in the U.S.) and expect that change would come overnight or in a couple of years. It was only through a societal desire for a new direction, well-thought out strategies, systemic changes to both the teaching profession and organization of schools, and implementation of research-based pedagogy, that Finland brought about dramatic change over the course of a few decades.
Had the U.S. listened to its own warnings as set forth during the Reagan era in the Department of Education's 1983 report, "A Nation at Risk," and implemented some of the common sense recommendations made then, perhaps we wouldn't find ourselves in the dismal spot that we now hold (and may have rendered the ideas behind No Child Left Behind as unnecessary). If you take anything away from reading Finnish Lessons it is this: Pasi Sahlberg argues that it is never too late to make the societal decisions that are necessary to turn around a country's (or a state's) educational system.
As we U.S. citizens sadly know, our country remains split both politically and ideologically, resulting in what seems to be never-ending government paralysis. It has been argued that the bipartisan consensus on education that existed in the past when the U.S. was considered a world leader in education, no longer does. Therefore, let us challenge any one of our 50 states to cut the purse strings from the federal government's education money (approx. 10% of state education budgets as noted by Sahlberg) and implement what's adaptable from the Finnish Way. If successful (which I would expect), over time other states would surely follow and perhaps even the federal government. In my opinion (and this is coming from a resident of Virginia), Vermont would be a perfect candidate to implement this kind of change because of its small size, its dedication to young children as evidenced by the many programs it already has in place for preschoolers to arrive at elementary school ready to learn, its tradition of independence, and its progressive and humanistic values. However, let's all think about this challenge and focus on our respective states (especially those not receiving Race to the Top funding from the Obama Administration). We have nothing to lose but a public education system that isn't working for everyone.

The system of education in Finland would seem not only to be a wonder for today's children of Finland but a guarantee for the stability of Finnish society, culturally, socially and politically long into the future. Finland shows that egalitarianism and communitarianism does not conflict with individualism and creativity but rather advances and enhances it. The simplistic Ayn Rand and her host of advocates, among them all of the "crony capitalists", are shown here to be frauds and worse in the incalculable damage they have caused and continue to cause in the world.
Finally, let me say that the author, Pasi Sahlberg, writes in a clear, balanced, non-polemical style (unlike the last sentence of my above paragraph, which is full of the anger I feel), giving full credit to others -- egotism, self satisfaction and hubris are entirely lacking. In fact, he concludes with a discussion of current problems in Finland's education system and some of the things Finland must do to keep it continually vital and relevant to the times. Sahlberg is an intellect of the first order.
Note: The audio version, narrated by Paul Michael Garcia, is excellent and does the book justice. Not to be missed also is the January 17, 2012 broadcast of Dan Rather Reports, "Finnish First", which can be purchased online in the iTunes Store for USD 1.99.
